Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is odorless. It is a form of vitamin B3 and plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism by acting as a precursor for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), essential coenzymes involved in redox reactions. Nicotinamide is known for its skin benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving skin barrier function, and enhancing overall skin texture and tone. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that help protect cells from oxidative stress.

Functions and applications:
1.Energy Metabolism: Nicotinamide is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), which are coenzymes involved in various metabolic pathways. These coenzymes play essential roles in the conversion of nutrients into energy through processes such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
2.DNA Repair: Nicotinamide is involved in DNA repair mechanisms, particularly in response to DNA damage caused by factors such as UV radiation, oxidative stress, and environmental toxins. It helps maintain genomic stability and integrity, which is essential for preventing mutations and the development of diseases such as cancer.

3.Skin Health: Nicotinamide has been shown to have various beneficial effects on skin health. It helps improve the skin's barrier function, reduce inflammation, regulate oil production, and decrease the formation of hyperpigmentation. As a result, nicotinamide is often used in skincare products to treat conditions such as acne, rosacea, eczema, and hyperpigmentation.
4.Neuroprotection: Some research suggests that nicotinamide may have neuroprotective effects and could potentially help prevent or slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nicotinamide's ability to support energy metabolism and DNA repair in neurons may contribute to its neuroprotective effects.

5.Anti-inflammatory Properties: Nicotinamide has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and prostaglandins. It may help reduce inflammation associated with conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and skin disorders.
6.Cardiovascular Health: Nicotinamide has been investigated for its potential cardiovascular benefits, including its ability to improve endothelial function, reduce oxidative stress, and lower cholesterol levels. Some studies suggest that nicotinamide supplementation may help improve vascular health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
7.Photoprotection: Nicotinamide has been shown to provide photoprotective effects against UV radiation-induced skin damage. It helps protect against DNA damage, immune suppression, and oxidative stress caused by UV exposure, reducing the risk of sunburn and skin cancer.